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1.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 111(1): 64-72, July 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-950197

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background: Type 2 diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is associated with cardiac autonomic dysfunction, which is an independent predictor of mortality in chronic diseases. However, whether the coexistence of systemic arterial hypertension (HTN) with DMT2 alters cardiac autonomic modulation remains unknown. Objective: To evaluate the influence of HTN on cardiac autonomic modulation and cardiorespiratory fitness in subjects with DMT2. Methods: 60 patients of both genders were evaluated and allocated to two groups: DMT2 patients (n = 32; 51 ± 7.5 years old) and DMT2 + HTN patients (n = 28; 51 ± 6.9 years old). RR intervals were obtained during rest in supine position. Linear and nonlinear indices of heart rate variability (HRV) were computed using Kubios HRV software. Pulmonary gas exchange was measured breath-by-breath, using a portable telemetric system during maximal incremental exercise testing on a cycle ergometer. Statistical analysis included Shapiro-Wilk test followed by Student's t Test, Pearson correlation and linear regression. Results: We found that patients in the DMT2+HTN group showed lower values of mean RR intervals (801.1 vs 871.5 ms), Shannon entropy (3 vs 3.2) and fractal dimension SD 1 (9.5 vs 14.5), when contrasted with patients in the DMT2 group. Negative correlations were found between some HRV nonlinear indices and exercise capacity indices. Conclusion: HTN negatively affects the cardiac autonomic function in diabetic patients, who are already prone to develop autonomic dysfunction. Strategies are need to improve cardiac autonomic functionality in this population.


Resumo Fundamento: A diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) está associada com disfunção autonômica cardíaca, que é um preditor independente de mortalidade em doenças crônicas. No entanto, ainda não se sabe se a coexistência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) e DM2 altera a modulação cardíaca autonômica. Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de HAS sobre a modulação da função autonômica cardíaca e capacidade cardiopulmonar em indivíduos com DM2. Métodos: 60 pacientes de ambos os sexos foram avaliados e alocados em dois grupos; pacientes DM2 (n = 32; 51 ± 7,5 anos) e pacientes DM2 + HAS (n = 28; 51 ± 6,9 anos). Intervalos RR foram obtidos durante repouso e em posição supina. Índices lineares e não lineares da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) foram registrados utilizando-se o programa Kubios HRV software. A troca gasosa pulmonar foi medida a cada inspiração, utilizando-se um sistema telemétrico portátil durante o teste incremental máximo de exercício em cicloergômetro. A análise estatística incluiu o teste Shapiro-Wilk seguido do teste t de Student, a correlação de Pearson e a regressão linear. Resultados: Encontramos que pacientes do grupo DM2+HAS apresentaram valores mais baixos de intervalos RR (801,1 vs 871,5 ms), entropia de Shannon (3,0 vs 3,2) e DP1 da dimensão fractal em comparação aos pacientes do grupo DM2. Foram encontradas correlações negativas entre alguns índices não lineares da VFC e índices da capacidade do exercício. Conclusão: A HAS afeta negativamente a função autonômica cardíaca em pacientes diabéticos, os quais já são propensos a desenvolverem disfunção autonômica. Estratégias são necessárias para melhorar a função autonômica cardíaca nessa população.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Autonomic Nervous System/physiopathology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology , Diabetic Angiopathies/physiopathology , Cardiorespiratory Fitness/physiology , Heart Rate/physiology , Hypertension/physiopathology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Diabetic Angiopathies/etiology , Exercise Test , Hypertension/complications
3.
Invest. clín ; 51(4): 467-477, dic. 2010. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-630905

ABSTRACT

La disfunción endotelial (DE) se presenta en pacientes con hipercolesterolemia, hipertensión arterial, obesidad y diabetes mellitus. Evidencias sugieren un papel de los glicosaminoglicanos en la DE. Evaluamos el efecto del sulodexide (SLD), un glicosaminoglicano utilizado en el tratamiento de la albuminuria y la enfermedad isquémica en pacientes diabéticos, sobre la relajación arterial y los cambios morfológicos en un modelo experimental de diabetes tipo 1. La diabetes se indujo a ratas Sprague Dawley administrando estreptozotocina (STZ), 60 mg/kg, i.v. Los animales fueron distribuidos en los siguientes grupos: I= control, II= diabéticas, III: control + sulodexide, IV= diabéticas + sulodexide (15 mg/kg/día s.c). A los 3 meses fueron sacrificados, las aortas extraídas para evaluar la relajación vascular inducida por acetilcolina (Ach) y nitroprusiato de sodio en anillos precontraídos con fenilefrina. Fueron evaluadas histológicamente mediante microscopía de luz y coloraciones diversas. El SLD in vitro no modificó la tensión basal de los anillos arteriales en reposo o precontraídos con fenilefrina. La diabetes disminuyó la capacidad de relajación arterial en respuesta a la Ach en un 28,8-35,1% vs control, efecto que fue prevenido por SLD. No se observó diferencia significativa en la relajación inducida por nitroprusiato sódico entre los grupos. El estudio histológico en los animales diabéticos mostró alteraciones estructurales, particularmente en la íntima y la adventicia, cambios que fueron prevenidos por el tratamiento con SLD. Nuestros resultados apoyan la potencial utilidad terapéutica del SLD en el tratamiento de la disfunción endotelial.


Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is observed in patients with hypercholesterolemia, arterial hypertension, obesity and diabetes mellitus. Recent evidences suggest the involvement of glycosaminoglycans(GSG) in ED. We evaluated the effect of sulodexide (SLD), a natural GSG used in albuminuria and ischemic diabetes treatment, on arterial relaxation and vascular morphological changes in a diabetic type I model. Diabetes was induced, in Sprague-Dawley rats by streptozotocine (STZ) administration, 60 mg, iv. Rats were divided into four groups; I: control, II: diabetics, III: control + SLD, IV: diabetics treated with SLD (15 mg/day). After three months, phenylephrine precontracted aortic rings were used to evaluate acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (NPS) relaxation capacities. Light microscopy of aorta was done with several staining procedures. In vitro, SLD did not change smooth muscle tone in resting or phenylephrine precontracted aortic rings. In diabetic rats, ACh relaxation was 28.8-35.1% lower than in control rats. Diabetic rats treated with SLD showed aortic ACh relaxation similar to control rats. No significative statistical difference was found in endothelium-independent NPS relaxation, between the different groups. Light microscopy histological studies revealed important morphological alterations, particularly in intima and adventitia layers of aortic artery; those changes were dramatically reversed in SLD treated rats. Our experiments support the conclusion that SLD is a potential drug for improving endothelial dysfunction in diabetes.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Aorta/drug effects , Aortic Diseases/prevention & control , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy , Diabetic Angiopathies/prevention & control , Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects , Glycosaminoglycans/therapeutic use , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Vasodilation/drug effects , Acetylcholine/pharmacology , Aorta/pathology , Aorta/physiopathology , Aortic Diseases/etiology , Aortic Diseases/pathology , Aortic Diseases/physiopathology , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology , Diabetic Angiopathies/etiology , Diabetic Angiopathies/pathology , Diabetic Angiopathies/physiopathology , Endothelium, Vascular/ultrastructure , Glycosaminoglycans/metabolism , Glycosaminoglycans/pharmacology , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Nitroprusside/pharmacology , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Tunica Intima/drug effects , Tunica Intima/ultrastructure
4.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 52(2): 398-406, mar. 2008.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-481008

ABSTRACT

O acometimento patológico do sistema nervoso no diabetes melito é muito amplo e, freqüentemente, bastante grave. A prevalência de neuropatia diabética atinge níveis elevados com a evolução temporal do diabetes, chegando, geralmente, a freqüências acima de 50 por cento de lesão neurológica em diferentes grupos de pacientes analisados em nosso meio e no exterior. A lesão neurológica nesta situação patológica é extensa no organismo humano diabético, envolvendo amplamente todo o sistema nervoso periférico nos seus componentes sensitivo-motor e autonômico: com clínica característica e concordante com as hipóteses patogênicas de natureza metabólica e/ou microvascular. O sistema nervoso autonômico é o elemento fundamental na regulação da função da maior parte dos sistemas ou órgãos no organismo, portanto, a sua lesão pode trazer importantes alterações para as funções cardiovascular, respiratória, digestiva, urinária e genital, podendo influir na função vital de alguns desses órgãos ou sistemas. Este artigo aborda as alterações decorrentes da lesão do sistema nervoso autonômico, especialmente nos pacientes diabéticos tipo 1, procurando dimensionar o risco de morbimortalidade.


The pathological alteration of the nervous system in diabetic patients is extensive and frequently severe. The prevalence of the diabetic neuropathy reach high levels with the evolution of the diabetes, often showing frequencies higher than 50 percent in several groups of patients. The neurological lesion in this pathological situation is extensive in the diabetic patient, including widely the peripheral nervous system with its components sensory, motor and autonomic: with typical symptoms and in accordance with the pathogenesis of metabolic origin and/or microvascular disease. The autonomic nervous system is a main regulator of many systems in the human body. Then its lesion can promote significant alterations in the function of the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, urogenital system, that can be related to increased motality. This review anlyses the abnormalities related to lesion of the autonomic nervous system, particularly in type 1 diabetic patients, trying to characterize the risk of morbidity and mortality.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Autonomic Nervous System Diseases/physiopathology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications , Diabetic Neuropathies/etiology , Autonomic Nervous System Diseases/etiology , Autonomic Nervous System Diseases/pathology , Body Temperature Regulation/physiology , Chronic Disease , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/pathology , Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology , Diagnosis, Differential , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology , Diabetic Angiopathies/pathology , Diabetic Angiopathies/physiopathology , Diabetic Neuropathies/pathology , Diabetic Neuropathies/physiopathology , Female Urogenital Diseases/etiology , Female Urogenital Diseases/pathology , Female Urogenital Diseases/physiopathology , Gastrointestinal Diseases/etiology , Gastrointestinal Diseases/pathology , Gastrointestinal Diseases/physiopathology , Male Urogenital Diseases/etiology , Male Urogenital Diseases/pathology , Male Urogenital Diseases/physiopathology , Risk Factors
5.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 52(2): 416-426, mar. 2008. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-481010

ABSTRACT

As complicações vasculares são a maior causa de morbimortalidade em pacientes com diabetes. Os mecanismos envolvidos no desenvolvimento das doenças micro e macrovasculares são complexos e parcialmente compreendidos, mas se iniciam invariavelmente por um endotélio que se torna disfuncionado. O óxido nítrico é um importante regulador da função endotelial e o comprometimento da sua atividade é fator determinante para a disfunção endotelial (DE). No diabetes tipo 1, diversos fatores, como a hiperglicemia aguda, mau controle glicêmico crônico, tempo de diagnóstico e presença de neuropatia autonômica ou microalbuminúria estão associados à DE. Tanto o estresse oxidativo, como a ativação da via dos polóis, via da proteína quinase C e formação dos produtos avançados de glicação não-enzimática são potenciais mecanismos patogenéticos da DE. A detecção precoce da disfunção endotelial tem valor prognóstico para o desenvolvimento de complicações vasculares e pode ser importante em estratégias de prevenção primária de eventos cardiovasculares no diabetes tipo 1.


Vascular complications are the main cause of mortality and morbidity in diabetes. Mechanisms involved in the development of micro and macrovascular disease are complex and partially understood, but invariably begin as a dysfunctional endothelium. Nitric oxide is an important regulator of endothelial function and the impairment of its activity is determinant of the endothelial dysfunction. In type 1 diabetes, many factors like acute, chronic and post-prandial hyperglycemia, as well as the duration of diabetes or autonomic neuropathy and microalbuminuria are associated to endothelial dysfunction. Oxidative stress, polyol pathway activation, protein kinase C activation and the presence of advanced glycation end-products are potential mechanisms involved in the development of endothelial dysfunction. Early detection of endothelial dysfunction has prognostic value for the development of vascular complications and may be important in strategies for primary prevention of cardiovascular endpoints in type 1 diabetes.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Humans , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Atherosclerosis/physiopathology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology , Diabetic Angiopathies/physiopathology , Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology , Albuminuria/metabolism , Albuminuria/physiopathology , Atherosclerosis/etiology , Biomarkers , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications , Diabetic Angiopathies/complications , Endothelium, Vascular/pathology , /metabolism , Hyperglycemia/complications , Hyperglycemia/physiopathology , Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis , Oxidative Stress/physiology , Time Factors , Young Adult
6.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 51(2): 168-175, mar. 2007. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-449570

ABSTRACT

Diabetes mellitus, a disease that has been reaching epidemic proportions, is an important risk factor to the development of cardiovascular complication. Diabetes causes changes within the cardiac structure and function, even in the absence of atherosclerotic disease. The left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (VE) represents the earliest pre-clinical manifestation of diabetic cardiomyopathy, preceding the systolic dysfunction and being able to evolve to symptomatic heart failure. The doppler echocardiography has emerged as an important noninvasive diagnostic tool, providing reliable data in the stages of diastolic function, as well as for systolic function. With the advent of recent echocardiographic techniques, such as tissue Doppler and color M-mode, the accuracy in identifying the moderate diastolic dysfunction, the pseudonormal pattern, has significantly improved. Due to cardiometabolic repercussions of DM, a detailed evaluation of cardiovascular function in diabetic patients is important, and some alterations may be seen even in patients with gestational diabetes.


O Diabetes Mellitus (DM), doença que vem atingindo proporções epidêmicas, é um importante fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de complicação cardiovascular. O DM leva a alterações cardíacas estruturais e funcionais, mesmo na ausência de doença aterosclerótica. A disfunção diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) representa a manifestação pré-clínica mais precoce da cardiomiopatia diabética, precedendo a disfunção sistólica e podendo progredir para insuficiência cardíaca sintomática. O Doppler ecocardiograma tem se mostrado uma importante ferramenta diagnóstica não-invasiva, fornecendo dados confiáveis dos estágios da função diastólica do VE, assim como da função sistólica. Com o advento de recentes técnicas de ecocardiografia, como o Doppler tecidual e o color M-mode, a acurácia em identificar a disfunção diastólica moderada, padrão pseudonormal, aumentou significativamente. Frente às repercussões cardiometabólicas do DM, é importante uma avaliação detalhada da função cardiovascular dos pacientes diabéticos, sendo que algumas alterações podem ser vistas até mesmo em pacientes com o diabetes gestacional.


Subject(s)
Humans , Diabetes Mellitus , Heart Failure, Diastolic , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left , Cardiomyopathies/etiology , Cardiomyopathies , Diastole , Diabetes Mellitus/physiopathology , Diabetic Angiopathies/physiopathology , Echocardiography, Doppler, Color/methods , Heart Failure, Systolic , Mitral Valve , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/etiology
7.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 51(2): 176-184, mar. 2007. ilus, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-449571

ABSTRACT

Alterações funcionais e estruturais das grandes artérias exercem um importante papel na patogênese das doenças cardiovasculares. O diabetes mellitus, ao lado da hipertensão arterial e do envelhecimento, pode induzir essas alterações em diferentes territórios arteriais, e assim levar ao desenvolvimento de aterosclerose e suas conseqüências cardiovasculares. A principal alteração da função das grandes artérias é o aumento da rigidez, enquanto que a principal alteração estrutural é o maior espessamento da camada intima-media da artéria carótida, encontradas em ambos os tipos 1 e 2 de diabetes. Os mecanismos destas alterações estruturais e funcionais arteriais no diabetes incluem a resistência à insulina, o acúmulo de colágeno devido à glicação enzimática inadequada, disfunção endotelial e do sistema nervoso autônomo. O aumento de rigidez arterial é um marcador de risco cardiovascular em pacientes diabéticos, e o tratamento tanto do diabetes per se quanto de dislipidemia e hipertensão arterial associadas pode modificar beneficamente essas alterações arteriais.


Functional and structural modifications in large arteries play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. The diabetes mellitus besides arterial hypertension and ageing can induce these alterations in different arterial sites, and so leading to the development of atherosclerosis and its cardiovascular consequences. The main functional change of large arteries is an increase of stiffness, while the main structural modification is an increase of the intima-media thickness of carotid artery, and both changes have been recognized in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The mechanisms of these structural and functional arterial modifications in diabetes include insulin resistance, collagen increase due to inadequate enzymatic glycation, endothelial and autonomic dysfunction. The increase of arterial stiffness is an independent cardiovascular risk marker in diabetic patients, and the treatment of diabetes per se and even of associated dyslipidemia and arterial hypertension can favorably modify these arterial changes.


Subject(s)
Humans , Arteries/physiopathology , Atherosclerosis/etiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology , /physiopathology , Arteries/pathology , Carotid Arteries/pathology , Carotid Arteries/physiopathology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology , /complications , /pathology , Diabetic Angiopathies/pathology , Diabetic Angiopathies/physiopathology , Hypertension/complications , Insulin Resistance/physiology , Vascular Resistance/physiology
8.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 51(2): 204-211, mar. 2007. ilus, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-449574

ABSTRACT

A microangiopatia diabética ainda é responsável por importante taxa de morbidade e mortalidade relacionada à doença. O dano endotelial parece ser o fator desencadeante na patogênese das complicações microvasculares. O diabetes mellitus e outras doenças metabólicas estão associados à disfunção endotelial, que é o marcador mais precoce conhecido da aterosclerose. Alterações da reatividade microvascular estão presentes tanto em portadores de diabetes mellitus quanto em indivíduos com fatores de risco para essa doença. A avaliação das funções endotelial e microvascular é possível através de diferentes métodos invasivos ou não. O controle adequado do diabetes mellitus é capaz de retardar ou talvez mesmo prevenir a doença microvascular. A disfunção microvascular, quando expressa somente por alterações da reatividade microvascular, pode ser melhorada com a correção de fatores de risco ou uso de drogas.


Diabetic microangiopathy is responsible for an important rate of morbidity and mortality related to the disease. Endothelial damage seems to be the triggering factor in the pathogenesis of microvascular complications. Diabetes mellitus and other metabolic diseases are associated to endothelial dysfunction, the most precocious known marker of atherosclerosis. Changes on microvascular reactivity are present in patients with diabetes mellitus, as well as in individuals with risk factors for this disease. Evaluation of endothelial and microvascular functions is possible using different invasive or preferentially non-invasive methods. Adequate control of diabetes mellitus might postpone or perhaps even prevent the microvascular disease. Microvascular dysfunction, when seen only by changes on microvascular reactivity, could be ameliorated with correction of risk factors or drug treatment.


Subject(s)
Humans , Atherosclerosis/etiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology , /physiopathology , Diabetic Angiopathies/physiopathology , Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology , Chronic Disease , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy , /complications , /therapy , Diabetic Angiopathies/etiology , Diabetic Angiopathies/therapy , Microcirculation , Risk Factors
9.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 51(2): 212-221, mar. 2007. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-449575

ABSTRACT

This article reviews the role of fasting and postprandial glycemia to the overall glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes and glucose intolerance, as well as their causal relationship upon micro and macrovascular complications. Recent studies have suggested that a third component of the glucose triad, the postprandial glucose excursions, might have a role in the overall glycemic load and might also reflect glycemic control. Epidemiological and intervention studies are presented in the article, supporting the conclusion that postprandial hyperglycemia in impaired glucose tolerance and diabetic subjects is a more powerful marker of cardiovascular disease risk than fasting hyperglycemia, then the treatment directed at specifically lowering postprandial glucose is crucial, as underlined by the American Diabetes Association.


O presente artigo revisa o papel da glicemia de jejum e pós-prandial em relação ao controle glicêmico de pacientes com diabetes do tipo 2 e com intolerância à glicose, assim como sua relação causal sobre as complicações micro e macrovasculares. Estudos recentes têm sugerido que um terceiro componente na tríade glicêmica, as excursões glicêmicas pós-prandiais, podem ter influência sobre a carga glicêmica total, e podem também refletir sobre o controle glicêmico. Estudos epidemiológicos e de intervenção são apresentados neste artigo, suportando a conclusão de que a hiperglicemia pós-prandial na intolerância à glicose e em pacientes com diabetes é um marcador mais potente de risco cardiovascular do que a hiperglicemia de jejum, portanto o tratamento dirigido especificamente para reduzir a glicemia pós-prandial é crucial, conforme sugerido pela American Diabetes Association.


Subject(s)
Humans , Blood Glucose , Coronary Disease/blood , /blood , Diabetic Angiopathies/blood , Glucose Intolerance/blood , Postprandial Period , Biomarkers/blood , Blood Glucose/analysis , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Coronary Disease/etiology , Diabetic Angiopathies/etiology , Diabetic Angiopathies/physiopathology , Fasting , Hyperglycemia/blood , Hyperglycemia/complications , Meta-Analysis as Topic , Risk Factors , Triglycerides/blood
10.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 51(2): 299-304, mar. 2007.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-449585

ABSTRACT

O rastreamento, o diagnóstico e a revascularização da doença arterial coronária (DAC) no diabetes tipo 2 representam enormes desafios para a prática médica. Neste contexto, o cateterismo cardíaco diagnóstico (angiografia) e terapêutico (angioplastia) são recursos fundamentais na avaliação clínica e manejo da aterosclerose coronária. Avaliações das particularidades anatômicas da DAC no diabetes são detalhadamente caracterizadas pela angiografia coronária, associada ou não ao ultra-som intracoronário. Por outro lado, a resposta pior aos procedimentos de revascularização (angioplastia e cirurgia) da DAC nos diabéticos representa umas das áreas de maior investigação clínica contemporânea. A despeito das controvérsias, cerca de um quarto dos pacientes submetidos a angioplastia e um terço dos pacientes submetidos a cirurgia são diabéticos. Dois grandes estudos multicêntricos randomizados, em andamento, investigam o melhor manejo da DAC nos diabéticos. O BARI 2D está randomizando pacientes com DAC assintomáticos ou com sintomas leves para tratamento clínico ou revascularização (angioplastia ou cirurgia, conforme melhor julgamento clínico). O FREEDOM está randomizando pacientes diabéticos estáveis com DAC multiarterial, para angioplastia com stent farmacológico ou cirurgia, com ou sem uso de circulação extra-corpórea. Enquanto as evidências não estão disponíveis, a prática médica atual é balanceada por um conjunto de variáveis na decisão sobre a melhor alternativa de revascularização. Condições que favorecem a angioplastia: estenoses curtas, vasos grandes, ausência de estenose na artéria descendente anterior (ADA), cirurgia de revascularização prévia e risco cirúrgico elevado. Condições que favorecem a indicação de cirurgia: estenoses longas, vasos pequenos, presença de estenose da ADA e cirurgia valvar associada.


Screening, diagnosis and revascularization of coronary artery disease (CAD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus are major challenges for current clinical practice. Diagnostic (angiography) and therapeutic (angioplasty) cardiac catheterization are important resources for the clinical assessment and management of coronary atherosclerosis. Anatomic peculiarities of CAD in diabetics can be well characterized by angiography, associated or not by intravascular ultrasound. The worse outcome following coronary revascularization procedures, either angioplasty or surgery, in diabetic is one of the main fields of clinical research. In spite of controversies, about one quarter of angioplasty and one third of surgical revascularization procedures are performed in diabetics. Two ongoing, large, randomized, multicentric trials are investigating the best management of CAD in diabetics. The BARI 2D trial is randomizing asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with CAD for either medical therapy or revascularization (angioplasty or surgery, according to the best clinical judgment). The FREEDOM trial is randomizing stable patients with multivessel CAD for either angioplasty with drug eluting stents or surgery, with or without extracorporeal circulation. While the evidences are not available, in order to decide on the best revascularization procedure for individual patients, medical practice has been balanced according to a number of variables. Conditions that favor angioplasty: short lesions, lesions in large vessels, absence of left anterior descending artery disease, previous coronary bypass surgery and high surgical risk due to co-morbidities. Conditions that favor surgery: long lesions, lesions in small vessels, presence of left anterior descending artery disease and need for associated valve surgery.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Angioplasty , Coronary Angiography , Coronary Artery Disease , Diabetic Angiopathies , Coronary Artery Disease , Coronary Artery Disease/surgery , /physiopathology , Diabetic Angiopathies/physiopathology , Diabetic Angiopathies , Cardiac Catheterization/methods
11.
J Indian Med Assoc ; 2006 Apr; 104(4): 186, 188-9, 194
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-103395

ABSTRACT

Multivessel diffuse coronary arteriopathy is the hallmark of chronic diabetic patients. The ideal method of revascularising this group of patients is controversial. This review examines the various modalities available in the revascularisation of coronary artery disease in diabetic patients. Various trials have been conducted to compare the effectiveness of surgical and percutaneous methods of revascularisation. Most of the important trials like BARI, CABRI, EMORY and Duke's database are critically analysed and a meaningful practical strategy to manage this difficult subgroup of patients is outlined. The recommendations may change after a few years if the new coated stents prove their worth.


Subject(s)
Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary , Chronic Disease , Clinical Trials as Topic , Coronary Artery Bypass , Coronary Artery Disease/etiology , Diabetic Angiopathies/physiopathology , Humans , Myocardial Revascularization/methods , Stents
12.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-47015

ABSTRACT

The main etiology for mortality and a great percentage of morbidity in patients with diabetes mellitus is atherosclerosis. The pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in diabetes is multifactorial and can be affected by metabolic and other factors. A hypothesis for the initial lesion of atherosclerosis is endothelial dysfunction, defined pragmatically as changes in the concentration of the chemical messengers produced by the endothelial cell and/or by blunting of the nitric oxide-dependent vasodilatory response to acetylcholine or hyperemia. Endothelial dysfunction has been documented in patients with diabetes and in individuals with insulin resistance or at high risk for developing type 2 diabetes. The way endothelial function altered in diabetic patients is not yet fully understood, but the loss of normal endothelial function could be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic angiopathy, as endothelial dysfunction is associated with diabetic microangiopathy and macroangiopathy. Factors associated with endothelial dysfunction in diabetes include activation of protein kinase C, overexpression of growth factors and/or cytokines, and oxidative stress. Changes in endothelium function may lead to the coronary artery circulation being unable to cope with the increased metabolism of myocardial muscle independently of a reduced coronary artery diameter. Finally, recent reports indicate that an improved metabolic control in diabetic patients, whatever the treatment used, is associated with near normalization or restoration of normal endothelial function.


Subject(s)
Amyloid/blood , Angiotensin II/physiology , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Hypolipidemic Agents/therapeutic use , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Comorbidity , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology , Diabetic Angiopathies/physiopathology , Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology , Fibrinolysis , Hemostasis/physiology , Humans , Hyperglycemia/physiopathology , Inflammation/physiopathology , Insulin Resistance , Nitric Oxide/physiology , Oxidative Stress/physiology , Risk Factors
13.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 49(6): 1000-1006, dez. 2005. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-420176

ABSTRACT

A macroangiopatia é multifatorial. No diabetes melito (DM) é mais grave e está frequentemente relacionada à nefropatia, sendo a principal causa de mortalidade em ambos os tipos de DM. Apesar disso, é pouco estudada no jovem com DM. Apresentamos dois casos de diabéticas jovens com coronariopatia precoce. Caso 1, 40a., branca, DM tipo 2 há 21a., tratada com sulfoniluréias até os 25a., foi insulinizada devido a gestação. Desenvolveu pré-eclâmpsia, porém o parto ocorreu a termo. Permaneceu com macroproteinúria (0,99g/24h), evoluindo para insuficiência renal (clearance 52,7mg/min) (tratamento conservador). Aos 36a., apresentou infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM). Constatada lesão tri-arterial grave, sofreu revascularização. Caso 2, 34a., negra, DM tipo 1 há 24a., diagnóstico em cetoacidose diabética. Com mau controle metabólico crônico (HbA1c persistentemente acima de 4 pontos percentuais além do limite superior da normalidade), evoluiu com microalbuminúria (0,26g/24h) aos 22a., após gestação. Desenvolveu macroproteinúria (1,7g/24h) após a 2ª. gestação. Aos 31a. iniciou quadro de angina estável. Foi indicada revascularização após cinecoronariografia. Estes dois casos de macroangiopatia em pacientes com DM de diagnóstico na juventude mostram uma rápida progressão no desenvolvimento da coronariopatia, sugerindo uma abordagem multifatorial, agressiva e precoce, independente da sua etiologia.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adult , Angina, Unstable/etiology , Diabetic Angiopathies/etiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications , /complications , Myocardial Infarction/etiology , Angina, Unstable/physiopathology , Diabetic Angiopathies/physiopathology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology , /physiopathology , Hyperglycemia/prevention & control , Myocardial Infarction/physiopathology , Metabolic Syndrome/complications , Metabolic Syndrome/physiopathology , Time Factors
14.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 84(6): 461-466, jun. 2005. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-420007

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as alteracões Doppler-ecocardiográficas de pacientes normotensos, com diabetes mellitus tipo II, na presenca ou ausência de sinais de microangiopatia. MÉTODOS: Pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo II foram submetidos a exames de fundo de olho contrastado com fluoresceína e dosagem de microalbuminúria para diagnóstico de microangiopatia, e divididos em dois grupos: DMII (pacientes sem microangiopatia, n=19) e DM+A (pacientes com microangiopatia, n=13). Todos foram submetidos a Doppler-ecocardiografia e os resultados comparados com normotensos de mesmo sexo e idade (grupo C, n=20), aplicando-se a ANOVA, seguida de teste de Tukey. Em todas as comparacões, adotou-se como nível de significância p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferencas entre os grupos quanto aos indicadores de funcão sistólica ou massa do ventrículo esquerdo. Foram observadas diferencas compatíveis com disfuncão diastólica nos dois grupos de diabéticos, independente da presenca de microangiopatia, que exibiram valores significativamente maiores dos tempos de relaxamento isovolumétrico do ventrículo esquerdo (TRIVE, ms): (DMII=97n22,2; DM+A=107n28,2 e C=80n10,7; p<0,05), e menores das velocidades máximas da onda de enchimento ventricular rápido (E, cm/s): (DMII=69n17,5; DM+A=75n19,7 e C=84n14,5, p<0,05 entre DMII e C). Sem diferenca entre os grupos quanto à razão E/A. CONCLUSAO: Pacientes normotensos com diabetes mellitus tipo II e sem sinais clínicos de comprometimento cardiovascular, apresentaram sinais de disfuncão diastólica não associados à presenca de microangiopatia.


Subject(s)
Adult , Middle Aged , Humans , Male , Female , /physiopathology , Diabetic Angiopathies/physiopathology , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology , Blood Pressure/physiology , Case-Control Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diastole , Diabetic Angiopathies , Echocardiography, Doppler
15.
Journal of the Egyptian Society of Toxicology. 2004; 31: 19-28
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-66696

ABSTRACT

Angiopathy and nephropathy are serious problems encountered in the management of diabetes, mellitus. There is accumulating literatrues describing some sort of hystological interaction between angiotensin II [ALI] and endothelins [ETs] in addition to their possible contributing roles in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. In the present study, the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor [ACEI] perindopril to prevent or minimize the development of angiopathy [endothelial dysfunction] and nephropathy in a strepozotocininduced model of diabetes type I in albino rats. Animals were classified into six groups: untreated healthy non diabetic [ND] control rats, healthy [ND] rats treated with perindopril [3 mg/kg/day], healthy [ND] rats treated with bosentan [100 mg/kg/day], untreated diabetic rats, and diabetic rats treated with either perindopril or bosentan in the same doses described before. Rats were rendered diabetic by a single injection, in the tail vein, of 55 mg/kg streptozotocin [STZ] after overnight fast. Treatment with bosentan and perindopril was continued for 16 weeks during which the 24[th] urine volume, urinary albumin content, urine and plasma levels of creatinine as well as systolic blood pressure [SBP] were assessed at the end of each 4 weeks. At the end of the 16[th] week rats were sacrificed and the kidneys were removed for examination of histopathological changes, while the thoracic aortae were removed for assessment of the vasorelaxant effect of acetylcholine [Ach]. Diabetic rats developed typical functional changes manifested by hyperglycemia, polyuria, albuminuria, elevated SBP, reduced response to vasorelaxant effect of ACh in addition to histopathological changes manifested by tubular dilatation, diffuse interstitial edema and decreased density of the brush border of epithelial cells. In the healthy [ND] animals, changes obtained in the different parameters studied were insignificant between the treated and non-treated groups. In diabetic animals, however; both perindopril and bosentan significantly reduced albuminuria and lowered elevated SBP. In addition both drugs improved creatinine clearance and relaxant response to ACh to a large extent. Perindopril was more potent with regard to the hypoalbuminuric effect and the effect on creatinine clearance, while bosentan-induced improvement of vascular reactivity to ACh was more significant. Different potencies of perindopril and bosentan in affecting certain studied parameters suggests that the two drugs work either through different mechanisms or through similar pathways but to different extents. The renoprotective and antiangiopathic effects of both drugs were independent of the blood glucose level because this parameter was not significantly altered by either treatment. In conclusion, it seems that both angiotensin II and endothelins play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic angiopathy and nephropathy with probable interaction between the two systems to augment the production of such pathological disorders. Therefore, ACELs and ET receptor antagonists are highly recommended in the management of diabetic and ET receptor antagonists are highly recommended in the management of diabetic complications


Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications , Diabetic Nephropathies/physiopathology , Diabetic Angiopathies/physiopathology , Rats , Kidney Function Tests , Protective Agents , Angiotensin II , Endothelins , Sulfonamides
17.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 47(3): 271-279, jun. 2003. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-345930

ABSTRACT

Os autores analisam os principais métodos de investigação morfofuncional da microcirculação da pele em diabéticos, tanto na literatura médica recente quanto na própria experiência em videocapilaroscopia subungueal, no ãmbìto dos atuais avanços do conhecimento sobre a fisiopatologia da microangiopatia diabética. Na videocapilaroscopia basal, feita na região periungueal das mãos, ressaltam a importància e a significativa prevalência das alterações morfológicas como edema, microaneurismas, tortuosidade e dilatação do segmento venoso capilar, tanto em indivíduos diabéticos quanto em parentes de 1§ grau com testes de tolerância à glicose normais. Mostram o valor dos estudos das respostas dinàmicas da microcirculação à isquemia e a estímulos farmacológicos, observadas, sobretudo, por medidas de velocidade e/ou fluxo sangüíneo na videocapilaroscopia e dopplerfluxometria a laser, que, na maioria dos trabalhos, estavam alteradas em fases muito precoces da doença, por vasodilatação inadequada. São descritas as medidas do diãmetro e da área do segmento transverso capilar em videocapilaroscopia que podem ser úteis como parâmetros-respostas ao teste de isquemia reperfusão. Os autores discutem as bases da fisiopatologia que justificam as alterações observadas na videocapilaroscopia tanto basal como dinâmica.


Subject(s)
Humans , Diabetic Angiopathies/physiopathology , Skin , Microscopic Angioscopy/methods , Microcirculation/anatomy & histology
18.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 45(5): 452-453, out. 2001. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-299990

ABSTRACT

Avaliamos associaçöes da microangiopatia a fatores de risco, a correlaçäo entre nefropatia (ND) e retinopatia (RD) diabéticas, assim como a concordância entre os graus de acometimento destes territórios. 157 pacientes, submetidos a oftalmoscopia indireta, foram encaminhados ao Centro de Diabetes para pesquisa de ND, sendo obtidos dados sóciodemográficos e clínicos. Avaliou-se o controle glicêmico pela hemoglobina glicosilada e a presença de ND pela microalbuminúria. Atribuiu-se escores à RD e ND para análises de correlaçäo e concordância. 103 pacientes (57,9ñ12,9 anos) completaram todas as etapas do estudo; 72 por cento dos encaminhados apresentavam algum grau de RD, sendo que normais e retinopatas tinham características comparáveis. Foram subdivididos em 4 grupos segundo a presença ou ausência de cada complicaçäo. Näo houve diferença na distribuiçäo quanto a sexo, raça e escolaridade. O tempo de DM foi maior naqueles com ND+RD quando comparados ao grupo sem RD, com ou sem ND (14,8ñ6,4 vs. 7,2ñ5,3 e 9,2ñ5,6 anos, p< 0,05, respectivamente). A freqüência de fumantes e dislipidemia auto-referida, o IMC, glicemia e hemoglobina glicosilada näo diferiram entre os grupos. Pacientes com ambas as complicaçöes tinham pressäo arterial média maior que os grupos sem RD, com ou sem ND (147ñ23 vs. 128ñ20 e 118ñ18mmHg, p< 0,05, respectivamente). Indivíduos com ND, independente da presença de RD, apresentaram razäo Albumina/Creatinina (A/C) mais alta que os grupos sem ND (p< 0,05); o grupo com apenas RD näo diferiu do grupo normal. Os maiores níveis de A/C do grupo com ambas as complicaçöes näo diferiram estatisticamente dos nefropatas sem RD. 80 por cento dos pacientes nefropatas apresentavam RD, enquanto 74 por cento dos retinopatas tinham também ND (c2= 6,39; p< 0,05). Detectou-se correlaçäo significante entre estas complicaçöes (r= 0,47; p< 0,05), assim como a concordância entre seus graus, resultando em kappa de 0,154 (IC 95 por cento: 0,0310,276; p< 0,01). A hipertensäo se associou aos casos de maior gravidade, caracterizados pela concomitância de RD e ND. A ocorrência de uma complicaçäo microvascular na ausência de outra sugere a existência de fatores etiopatogênicos órgäo-específicos. Nossos dados indicam correspondência entre os graus de lesäo renal e retiniana na microangiopatia do DM2. Pacientes com ND se associam a maior risco de lesöes retinianas, de modo que o encontro de A/C alterada em paciente diabético requer....


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Diabetic Angiopathies/complications , Diabetic Nephropathies/etiology , Diabetic Retinopathy/etiology , Diabetic Angiopathies/epidemiology , Diabetic Angiopathies/physiopathology , Diabetic Nephropathies/epidemiology , Diabetic Nephropathies/physiopathology , Diabetic Retinopathy/epidemiology , Diabetic Retinopathy/physiopathology , Risk Factors
19.
West Indian med. j ; 50(supl.1): 46-49, Mar. 1-4, 2001.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-473084

ABSTRACT

Predisposing factors for the diabetic foot include peripheral neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease (PVD), hyperglycaemia and increased duration of diabetes. From the records of patients admitted to the University Hospital of the West Indies with the diabetic foot, we reviewed the results of the microbiology of wound swabs from diabetic foot ulcers. We noted the high prevalence of P VD (66.6), peripheral neuropathy (50), hyperglycaemia (75.6) and increased duration of diabetes (17.5 years). A history of past foot ulcers was common and 87.2had polymicrobial infection. The commonest organisms were gram positive organisms which were usually sensitive to the 2 antibiotic regimes that were commonly used. Euglycaemia, a favourable lipid profile, control of blood pressure, yearly foot examination and institution of measures to prevent foot trauma are important in the prevention of foot ulceration.


Subject(s)
Humans , Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy , Lower Extremity/physiopathology , Diabetic Foot/prevention & control , Diabetic Angiopathies/physiopathology , Bacteria, Anaerobic/drug effects , Bacteria, Anaerobic/isolation & purification , Causality , Diabetes Mellitus/physiopathology , Peripheral Vascular Diseases/complications , Risk Factors , Jamaica , Diabetic Neuropathies/physiopathology , Diabetic Foot/microbiology , Diabetic Foot/physiopathology , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Staphylococcus/drug effects , Staphylococcus/isolation & purification , Streptococcus/drug effects , Streptococcus/isolation & purification
20.
West Indian med. j ; 50(supl.1): 24-26, Mar. 1-4, 2001.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-473091

ABSTRACT

The foot complications of diabetic patients are one of the commonest and most devastating of medical problems that occurs in the Caribbean. The scale of the problem is reflected in the fact that, on average, 75of the beds in the general surgical wards of the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Barbados are occupied by patients with this problem. Of the patients admitted, a third lose a limb by amputation and another third of the patients lose toes or part of their feet and remain in hospital an average of two months as doctors struggle to prevent them losing their limbs. Half of the patients are in their 70s when they are admitted to hospital but 4 per cent are as young as thirty to forty years. It is clear to the surgeons who struggle to save the limbs of these patients that preventive care and early and aggressive intervention, when problems occur, are the best way to avoid prolonged hospitalization and loss of limb. The events that precipitate the problems often appear trivial to most people. a little nick cutting a nail or a callus, a crack under the toe, an ingrowing nail, stepping on a rock in the yard or, even more devastating, on a dirty or rusty nail. The diabetic's foot is more susceptible to injury, sepsis and gangrene because of an altered inflammatory response and an increased incidence of occlusive vascular disease and neuropathy. Injuries normally considered minor can threaten the limb in diabetics by rapid progression of necrosis along tissue planes. Prevention is of primary importance and patients need to be educated and to remind themselves over and over again to clean their feet daily, paying particular attention to the interdigital areas: looking at them to make sure that there is no swelling or cuts or change in colour. Looking is important since diabetics, especially those with neuropathy, cannot rely-on pain as a symptom of injury. Patients have to be trained to recognise and respond to the signs of injury and infection without relying on the signal of pain that they and the health care workers usually rely upon to assess the seriousness of most conditions. Diabetics should wear something on their feet at all times, in and out of the house. What is worn should have a good firm sole to prevent penetration. If a sandal is worn, it should be strapped on so that it does not slip off easily. If something goes wrong, or is noticed to be wrong with the feet, professional help should be sought the same day. Treatment and observation are neede.


Subject(s)
Humans , Primary Prevention/methods , Diabetic Foot/prevention & control , Diabetic Angiopathies/physiopathology , Arteriosclerosis , Self Care , Gangrene , Skin Care , Diabetic Neuropathies/physiopathology , Diabetic Foot/physiopathology , Diabetic Foot/therapy , Caribbean Region , Shoes , Sepsis
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